When it comes to determining the “actual cost” of an asset for tax purposes, the Income Tax Act, 1961 requires you to consider all the expenses incurred in acquiring and putting the asset to use. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

Step 1: Identify the Base Cost

• For Purchased Assets:
  This is the price you actually paid for the asset.

• For Gifts or Inherited Assets:
  The actual cost is usually the market value on the date of transfer or as provided by Section 48 of the Act.

Step 2: Add Incidental Expenses

• Include all expenses directly attributable to acquiring the asset, such as:

  • Stamp duty and registration fees

  • Brokerage and legal fees

  • Any other charges incurred in the acquisition process

Step 3: Include Capital Improvements

• If you have incurred expenses on improvements or renovations that add to the asset’s value (and these are capital in nature), include these in your cost calculation.

Step 4: Determine the Total Actual Cost

• Sum Up:
  The actual cost is the aggregate of the base cost, incidental expenses, and capital improvements.

• This figure represents the total expenditure made to bring the asset into a usable condition.

Step 5: Adjust for Inflation (if Applicable)

• Indexation Benefit:
  For long-term capital gains purposes, you may apply the Cost Inflation Index (CII) to the actual cost. However, note that indexation is applied after calculating the actual cost.

Key Takeaways

• Actual Cost = Purchase Price (or Market Value) + Incidental Expenses + Capital Improvements.

• For Long-Term Assets:
  Use indexation on the actual cost to adjust for inflation when computing capital gains.

• Documentation:
  Maintain all receipts and documents to support each component of the cost.

By carefully calculating these components, you can accurately determine the actual cost of your asset as required by the Income Tax Act. This helps ensure that your capital gains calculations are precise and that you optimize your tax benefits.

Interest on securities refers to the interest income received from government securities, debentures, bonds, or other debt instruments. This income is taxable under two different heads, depending on the nature of the assessee’s activities.

Relevant Legal Provisions:

🔹 Section 56(2)(id) – Income from Other Sources:

“Income by way of interest on securities, if not chargeable under the head ‘Profits and gains of business or profession’, shall be chargeable to income-tax under the head ‘Income from other sources’.”

🔹 Section 145 – Method of accounting:

Income under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession” or “Income from other sources” shall be computed in accordance with the method of accounting regularly employed by the assessee.

Computation of Taxable Interest on Securities:

A. If Assessee is NOT in the business of trading in securities (e.g., salaried person, HUF):

• Tax head: Income from Other Sources

• Taxable on: Due basis or receipt basis (as per accounting method adopted)

• Taxable Amount: Gross interest received or accrued on securities (whether taxable or exempt)

✅ Deductions allowed:

• Collection charges

• Commission or remuneration to banker/agent for realizing interest

• Any interest on loan taken to purchase securities (as per Section 57)

B. If Assessee is in the Business of Trading in Securities:

• Tax head: Profits and Gains from Business or Profession

• Entire interest is added to business income

• All expenses related to the business (purchase, brokerage, loan interest, etc.) are allowed.

Types of Securities & Taxability: